Level 3 · Expert
Energy conservation and ARPES
The photoelectric effect can be quantitatively described by the energy conservation relation:
\[ h\nu = \phi + E_\text{kin} \]
where \(h\nu\) is the photon energy, \(\phi\) is the work function of the material, and \(E_\text{kin}\) is the kinetic energy of the emitted electron.
When photons hit the surface, electrons absorb them quasi-instantaneously and can escape if their final energy exceeds the vacuum level plus the work function. The probability of emission depends on the electronic density of states and the photon-electron matrix elements.
ARPES leverages this effect by varying the photon energy and detection angle to map out the band structure \(E(\mathbf{k})\) of the material, where \(\mathbf{k}\) is the crystal momentum. The electron's momentum component parallel to the surface, \(\mathbf{k}_{\parallel}\), is conserved and extracted from the emission angle \(\theta\):
\[ k_{\parallel} = \frac{\sqrt{2m\, E_\text{kin}}}{\hbar} \sin \theta \]
with \(m\) the electron mass, \(\hbar\) the reduced Planck constant (\(\hbar = \frac{h}{2\pi}\)), and \(\theta\) the emission angle from the surface.
This conservation of parallel momentum is crucial because it allows ARPES to reconstruct the electron's original momentum inside the crystal, revealing the underlying electronic band structure.
By measuring \(E_\text{kin}\) and emission angles, ARPES reconstructs the electronic dispersion relations, revealing phenomena such as Dirac cones, band gaps, and many-body interactions.
This technique has been pivotal in understanding quantum materials, enabling direct visualization of surface states, topological phases, and electron correlation effects.